Crucial negotiations to replace a nuclear disarmament treaty between the US and Russia were overshadowed on Tuesday by a divide between Washington and Moscow over whether China should be brought to the table.

The two sides met in Vienna to discuss a replacement for the New START treaty, which limits each side to 1,550 deployed nuclear warheads but which is due to run out in February.

The leader of the US delegation Marshall Billingslea told reporters on Tuesday that China had an "obligation to negotiate in good faith with us and the Russians".

China's absence from the talks meant they "stood up not just the United States and Russia but they stood up the entire world", according to Billingslea.

US President Donald Trump has insisted China be included in disarmament talks, citing what he says is the free rein Beijing has had to develop weapons systems.

However, Russia's envoy to the Vienna talks, Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov, said on Tuesday it was "unrealistic to count on China's participation".

"We will not use our influence on China as the Americans want," Ryabkov was quoted as saying by news agency RIA Novosti.

China has shown no interest in taking part.

Observers fear New START could go the way of several other international agreements, which have fallen by the wayside during Trump's tenure in line with his "America First" foreign policy.

Last month, Trump pulled out of the Open Skies Treaty, which allowed Russia, the United States and 32 other nations to conduct surveillance flights over one another's territory at short notice.

He earlier pulled out of the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, a key agreement from the Cold War, and has also left the 2015 nuclear deal between Iran and world powers hanging by a thread after withdrawing and reimposing sanctions on Tehran.

- 'Cultural awareness' needed -

The US justifies its focus on China by saying that it believes Beijing is "racing towards parity" with the US and Russia in terms of its nuclear arsenal and is not being transparent about its intentions.

Billingslea said the American delegation shared detailed intelligence with Russia for the first time in recent memory regarding the nuclear programmes of "third parties" -- an oblique reference to China.

However, the US and Russia still hold more than 90 percent of the world's nuclear weapons, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

According to the institute's latest research, Russia has 6,375 nuclear warheads, including those that are not deployed, and the United States has 5,800.

By contrast, China has 320, France 290 and the UK 215.

Experts say the Trump administration's insistence that China should be a part of the talks casts doubt on whether it is serious about reaching an accord.

Some even go as far as to suggest that the focus on China could become a pretext for the US to abandon the agreement.

However, Billingslea has not ruled out an extension of the bilateral accord.

He admitted though that a possible second round of negotiations towards the end of July could once again be restricted to Washington and Moscow.

In a vivid display of the tensions around the role of Beijing, the US delegation put out Chinese flags in the negotiating room before the Russians arrived on Monday.

Billingslea tweeted a picture of an empty negotiating table decked with Chinese flags, castigating China for its "no-show".

The Chinese foreign ministry branded the tweet "indecent and unprofessional", adding for good measure that an incorrect version of the flag was used and that Billingslea could do with more "cultural awareness".

US ex-marine will not appeal Russian espionage verdict
Moscow (AFP) June 23, 2020 - A former US marine convicted of espionage in Russia this month will not appeal, his lawyer told news agencies Tuesday, and hopes instead to be exchanged in a prisoner swap.

"(Paul) Whelan will not appeal. He does not believe in Russian justice," his lawyer Vladimir Zherebenkov told news agency Interfax.

"He hopes that in the near future he will be exchanged with Russians convicted in the United States."

The 50-year-old, who also has British, Canadian and Irish passports, was last week sentenced to 16 years in a penal colony despite diplomatic protests.

His trial strained ties with Washington and fuelled speculation of a prisoner exchange with Russians detained in the United States, including a pilot and an arms dealer.

Pilot Konstantin Yaroshenko was arrested in Liberia in 2010 for drug trafficking, then transferred to the US, where he was sentenced to 20 years in prison in 2011.

Viktor Bout is a weapons dealer known as the "Merchant of Death" for supplying diverse rebel groups.

"We know there are negotiations, everyone talks about them behind the scenes, but we ourselves aren't participating in them," Zherebenkov told news agency RIA Novosti.

He said that details of a swap would only become clear "when an agreement is reached".

President Vladimir Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov declined to comment on Whelan's decision, saying other government bodies, not the Kremlin, would be involved in exchanges.

Whelan was detained in Moscow in late 2018 and insisted he was innocent of receiving state secrets throughout his trial, which was held behind closed doors.

He says he was detained on a visit to Moscow to attend a wedding when he took a USB drive from an acquaintance thinking it contained holiday photographs.

Prosecutors claimed Whelan had the rank of "at least a colonel" in the US defence intelligence agency.

US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo slammed the verdict and demanded that Russia release Whelan immediately, while US ambassador to Moscow John Sullivan condemned the trial as unfair and lacking transparency.

David Whelan, Paul's brother, said ahead of the trial that the family hoped a conviction would allow Russia and the United States to "begin discussing Paul's release immediately".

Hopes for Whelan's release in exchange for Maria Butina -- a Russian woman arrested in the US in 2018 on espionage charges -- were quashed after Butina was flown to Moscow in October last year.

Whelan was dishonourably discharged as a marine before working as head of global security at a US auto parts company.

His conviction was another hurdle in improving ties between the two world powers already at odds over Ukraine, Syria, Libya, arms control and a host of other issues.

Related Links
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US, Russia hold arms talks with little sign of accord
Vienna (AFP) June 22, 2020
The United States and Russia held talks in Vienna on Monday on their only remaining major nuclear weapons accord with little prospect of imminent agreement, as critics questioned whether either side saw value in arms control. US President Donald Trump has previously insisted China should be involved in discussions to extend New START, the treaty that limits US and Russian nuclear warheads, because he says Beijing has had a free pass to develop weapon systems. The current treaty limits each side ... read more