
Between 2020 and 2024, a Chinese-led team used the submersible Fendouzhe to survey seven hadal regions in the Indo-Pacific and found rich protist-dominated communities living on rocks more than nine kilometres down, where hard-substrate life had been largely unknown
A Chinese-led team using the crewed submersible Fendouzhe has photographed tubeworm fields, giant clam beds and snowy microbial mats more than nine kilometres beneath the Pacific — chemosynthetic ecosystems on a scale nobody expected at hadal depths.














