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FLORA AND FAUNA
Salting roads cuts lives short for butterflies: study
by Staff Writers
Washington (AFP) June 09, 2014


Rats can be regretful, study shows
Minneapolis (UPI) Jun 9, 2013 - When someone does a crummy thing or makes an error in judgement and then feels bad about it, it's called regret. And scientists previously thought it was a cognitive function unique to humans -- certainly not something rodents were capable of.

But a new study suggests rats feel regret similar to the way humans do. Scientists at the University of Minnesota Department of Neuroscience realized such after monitoring rats' brains following a bad decision or mistake.

The researchers did so by offering the specimens an initial food reward as well as the option to move onto to an alternate food reward.

The scientists defined regret as "the recognition that you made a mistake, that if you had done something else, you would have been better off." When the rats declined the first food offering, and it turned out the second was even punier, the rats were dejected and regularly turned back to look at the choice they had passed up.

Mostly importantly, scientists were able to show that the same part of the human and rat brain -- called the orbitofrontal cortex -- lights up during regretful situations.

"The hard part was that we had to separate disappointment, which is just when things aren't as good as you hoped," explained Professor David Redish, lead author of the new study. "The key was letting the rats choose."

The study was published this week in the journal Nature Neuroscience.

The federal government killed 4 million animals last year
Washington (UPI) Jun 9, 2013 - Last year, Wildlife Services -- the federal agency tasked with protecting humans and their interests from the threat of animals -- killed some 4 million animals.

The death toll, according to the Washington Post, is as follows: "75,326 coyotes, 866 bobcats, 528 river otters, 3,700 foxes, 12,186 prairie dogs, 973 red-tailed hawks, 419 black bears and at least three eagles, golden and bald."

Critics argue the agency is overstepping its duties, and officials at the agency haven't been able to explain why the casualties of their services -- the number animals they kill -- varies so wildly from year to year. Over the last decade, the total has swung from 1.5 million to 5 million and back again.

The majority of killed animals are native species, and most of them are killed to protect the assets of a ranchers and farmers. Often, coyotes and foxes are killed en masse on the behest of an overprotective cattle-owner.

The issue seems to be not only the grotesque number of animals killed, but the severe lack of transparency and accountability at the agency.

"[Wildlife Services is] one of the most opaque and obstinate departments I've dealt with," explained Rep. Peter A. DeFazio, D-Ore. "We're really not sure what they're doing."

Covering icy roads with salt can save the lives of human drivers, but US researchers said Monday the practice may be cutting butterfly lives short.

Sodium chloride, the cheapest salt, is the most common used to melt ice and snow on slippery winter roads.

Previous studies have already shown that salting roads can have an impact on plant and animal life in nearby lakes and rivers.

But this latest study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, said pouring the substance over roads in winter could also affect the lives of butterflies and other invertebrates that forage for food near the asphalt.

"Salt is normally limited in availability, and sodium plays an important role in development," said lead author Emilie Snell-Rood, a biologist at the University of Minnesota.

She focused in particular on the monarch butterfly, a migratory insect that feeds on the milkweed plants that grow both along the roadside and in the open prairie.

Her team found that road-side milkweed had up to 30 times more sodium than normal in their tissues.

When butterflies eat those leaves, their sodium levels go up as well.

Among males, the increased sodium led to increased development in muscles used for flight, while among females, the opposite was true. And in female butterflies, the excess sodium led to gains in brain size, but that was not the case for males.

Although increased sodium levels can have beneficial impacts, too much can be deadly -- and Snell-Rood's research found a markedly higher mortality rate among butterflies exposed to excessive sodium.

Likewise, the survival rate for monarch caterpillars -- the immature form of the butterfly -- along roadsides with high sodium concentrations was just 40.5 percent, compared to nearly 60 percent for caterpillars feeding on plants in the prairie.

Snell-Rood said similar studies should be conducted in urban areas where even more salt is used during the winter than on the county roads where she conducted her study, in order to test the impact on other creatures.

Other research has already shown that road salt can damage leaves, dry out roots, and change soil properties.

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