Researchers in applied physics have cleared an important hurdle in the development of advanced materials, called metamaterials, that bend light in unusual ways. Working at a scale applicable to infrared light, the Harvard team has used extremely short and powerful laser pulses to create three-dimensional patterns of tiny silver dots within a material. Those suspended metal dots are essential for building futuristic devices like invisibility cloaks.

The new fabrication process, described in the journal Applied Physics Letters, advances nanoscale metal lithography into three dimensions-and does it at a resolution high enough to be practical for metamaterials.

"If you want a bulk metamaterial for visible and infrared light, you need to embed particles of silver or gold inside a dielectric, and you need to do it in 3D, with high resolution," says lead author Kevin Vora, a graduate student at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS).

"This work demonstrates that we can create silver dots that are disconnected in x, y, and z," Vora says.

"There's no other technique that feasibly allows you to do that. Being able to make patterns of nanostructures in 3D is a very big step towards the goal of making bulk metamaterials."

Vora works in the laboratory of Eric Mazur, Balkanski Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at SEAS. For decades, Mazur has been using a piece of equipment called a femtosecond laser to investigate how very tightly focused, powerful bursts of light can change the electrical, optical, and physical properties of a material.

When a conventional laser shines on a transparent material, the light passes straight through, with slight refraction. The femtosecond laser is special because it emits a burst of photons as bright as the surface of the sun in a flash lasting only 50 quadrillionths (5 x 10-14) of a second.

Instead of shining through the material, that energy gets trapped within it, exciting the electrons within the material and achieving a phenomenon known as nonlinear absorption.

Inside the pocket where that energy is trapped, a chemical reaction can take place, permanently altering the internal structure of the material. The process has previously been exploited for 2D and simple 3D metal nanofabrication.

"Normally, when people use femtosecond lasers in fabrication, they're creating a wood pile structure: something stacked on something else, being supported by something else," explains Mazur.

"If you want to make an array of silver dots, however, they can't float in space."

In the new process, Vora, Mazur, and their colleagues combine silver nitrate, water, and a polymer called PVP into a solution, which they bake onto a glass slide. The solid polymer then contains ions of silver, which are photoreduced by the tightly focused laser pulses to form nanocrystals of silver metal, supported by the polymer matrix.

The need for this particular combination of chemicals, at the right concentrations, was not obvious in prior work. Researchers sometimes combine silver nitrate with water in order to create silver nanostructures, but that process provides no structural support for a 3D pattern.

Another process combines silver nitrate, water, PVP, and ethanol, but the samples darken and degrade very quickly by producing silver crystals throughout the polymer.

With ethanol, the reaction happens too quickly and uncontrollably. Mazur's team needed nanoscale crystals, precisely distributed and isolated in 3D.

"It was just a question of removing that reagent, and we got lucky," Vora says. "What was most surprising about it was how simple it is. It was a matter of using less."

SeungYeon Kang, a graduate student at SEAS, and Shobha Shukla, a former postdoctoral fellow, coauthored the paper. The work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.