The previous election was held at the peak of the huge, sometimes violent, democracy protests in 2019, and recorded a historic-high 71 percent turnout -- delivering a landslide victory for the pro-democracy camp.
As part of the widespread clampdown on political opposition -- aided by a national security law imposed in 2020 by Beijing -- the city authorities overhauled the councils' composition earlier this year.
Authorities have attempted to drum up enthusiasm for the election, covering the city with posters urging Hong Kongers to participate, but on Sunday morning, polling booths appeared to have few voters in the wealthy Mid-Levels area.
"It must be the patriots ruling Hong Kong -- this is our principle," said a civil engineer surnamed Lee, a lone early voter, adding "the election wouldn't be affected just because some (candidates) can't be part of it".
According to new rules announced in May, seats for direct election were slashed from 462 to 88, with the other 382 seats controlled by the city leader, government loyalists and rural landlords.
Candidates were required to seek nominations from three government-appointed committees, which effectively shut out all pro-democracy parties.
Over 70 percent of the candidates nominated to run for directly elected seats were members of those committees.
City leader John Lee said this year's election was "the last piece of the puzzle to implement the principle of patriots ruling Hong Kong", referring to a doctrine Beijing imposed on the financial hub to weed out from public office anyone deemed politically disloyal after the 2019 protests.
"From now on, the district councils would no longer be what they were in the past -- which was a platform to destruct and reject the government's administration, to promote Hong Kong independence and to endanger national security," Lee said after he cast his ballot on Sunday.
- 'One-sided' -
The councillors for Hong Kong's 18 districts handle mostly local-level issues -- like sanitation, transport routes, or the adequacy of public facilities.
But after Sunday's election, they will "behave as local consultative bodies in name, and as the government's echo chamber in practice", said Kenneth Chan, a political scientist at the Hong Kong Baptist University.
"This is about achieving 100 percent political control above all," he told AFP.
Senior officials have rejected concerns about potentially low voter participation, with Erick Tsang, the constitutional affairs minister overseeing the election, saying that "the turnout rate cannot be an indicator of the (new) system's success".
Some residents expressed apathy about the exercise on the eve of the election.
"What's the point of voting? The political atmosphere is one-sided," said a resident surnamed Ng.
More than 12,000 police officers were deployed across the city to prevent disturbances in the election, according to local media.
Five people were arrested on Sunday, including three activists and a couple, one of whom worked for the government.
The League of Social Democrats -- one of the city's last remaining opposition groups -- said it planned to stage a protest and that three of its members were followed from home and arrested by the police in the city's Central District.
Police said the trio were "attempting to incite others to disrupt district council elections".
The League called the arrest "extremely ironic and ridiculous" on an election day that was supposed to reflect various public opinions.
Hong Kong's Independent Commission Against Corruption said it had arrested a couple for allegedly "leaving a comment" on a social media post which incited people to cast invalid ballots.
On Friday, the national security police arrested a 77-year-old man for an "attempt to carry out seditious acts".
A 38-year-old man was charged on Tuesday for reposting a video of an overseas commentator that allegedly incited people to boycott the election.
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